Artist Monograph

Philip Guston, American

Philip Guston is represented by 100 works in MoMA's permanent collection, classified as american, with dated works spanning 1940–1981.

American, born Canada. 1913–1980

Authority records:
Wikidata
· Getty ULAN

Medium & Technique Profile

Primary media across the MoMA holdings

Medium	Works at MoMA	Share
Drawing	36	36%
Lithography	25	25%
Oil Painting	24	24%
Acrylic Painting	11	11%
Other Media	2	2%
Gouache	1	1%

Technique range

Philip Guston’s MoMA holdings concentrate in Drawing, with secondary engagement in Lithography, Oil Painting, Acrylic Painting, Other Media, Gouache.

Collection Distribution: MoMA & The Met

Works held at MoMA

MoMA holds a substantial body of 100 works produced between 1940 and 1981 attributed to Philip Guston, representing verified accession records curated by the museum’s Department of Painting and Sculpture and sister departments.

Production timeline

Dated works in these two collections span 41 years, from 1940 to 1981.

Cultural Context & Contemporaries

National context

Philip Guston is catalogued under American nationality. See the full American artists hub.

Contemporaries among American artists

16315
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
works at MoMA
3358
Louise Bourgeois
works at MoMA
2199
Ellsworth Kelly
works at MoMA
1338
Lee Friedlander
works at MoMA
932
George Maciunas
works at MoMA

Lifespan & active period

Lifespan: 1913–1980 (67 years). Artistic production is attributed within this window.

Catalogued Works

MoMA — 100 shown

Title	Date	Medium	Dimensions	Department	Credit line
Gladiators Painting Acc. 701.2005	1940	Oil and pencil on canvas	24 1/2 x 28 1/8" (62.2 x 71.4 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Study for "Tormentors" Drawing Acc. 702.2005	1947	Ink on paper	10 3/8 × 10" (26.4 × 25.4 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Ischia Drawing Acc. 703.2005	1949	Ink on paper	10 5/8 × 13 7/8" (27 × 35.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Loft I Drawing Acc. 704.2005	1950	Ink on paper	17 × 22" (43.2 × 55.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Red Painting Painting Acc. 419.1981	1950	Oil on canvas	34 1/8 x 62 1/4" (86.4 x 158.1 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Bequest of the artist
Untitled Drawing Acc. 494.1992	1951	Ink on transparentized paper	17 x 23 1/4" (43.3 x 59 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Richard E. Salomon and Herbert Ferber (by exchange)
Painting Painting Acc. 7.1956	1954	Oil on canvas	63 1/4 x 60 1/8" (160.6 x 152.7 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Philip Johnson Fund
Frank Drawing Acc. 554.2021	1955	Pencil on paper	11 × 8 1/2" (27.9 × 21.6 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the Estate of Bill Berkson
The Clock Painting Acc. 659.1959	1956-57	Oil on canvas	6' 4" x 64 1/8" (193.1 x 163 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Mrs. Bliss Parkinson
Head—Double View Drawing Acc. 130.1984	1958	Ink on paper	20 x 24 7/8" (50.7 x 63.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Purchase
Last Piece Drawing Acc. 705.2005	1958	Gouache on board	22 × 30" (55.9 × 76.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
North Painting Acc. 365.1991	1961-62	Oil on canvas	69" x 6' 5" (175.3 x 195.6 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Musa Guston
Pleasures Drawing Acc. 706.2005	1961	Ink on paper	26 × 36" (66 × 91.4 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Accord II Drawing Acc. 708.2005	1963	Synthetic polymer paint on paper	30 × 40" (76.2 × 101.6 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Untitled Drawing Acc. 707.2005	1963	Ink on paper	22 × 28" (55.9 × 71.1 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Untitled Print Acc. 1095.1967	1963	Lithograph	composition (irreg.): 24 5/8 × 31 3/8" (62.5 × 79.7 cm); sheet: 25 9/16 × 33 9/16" (64.9 × 85.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Kleiner, Bell & Co.
Untitled Print Acc. 1096.1967	1963	Lithograph	composition (irreg.): 21 1/4 x 28 1/8" (54 x 71.5cm); sheet: 22 5/16 x 30 5/16" (56.7 x 77cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Kleiner, Bell & Co.
August 1965 from Four on Plexiglas Print Acc. 649.1966	1965, published 1966	Screenprint on plexiglass from a portfolio with four screenprints	composition and sheet: 29 15/16 x 39 7/8" (76 x 101.3 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Lester Avnet
Inhabiter Painting Acc. 709.2005	1965	Oil on canvas	6' 4 1/8" x 6' 7 1/4" (193.4 x 201.3 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida
The Stone Drawing Acc. 710.2005	1965	Ink on paper	18 × 24" (45.7 × 61 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Nice Print Acc. 6.1986	1966	Lithograph	composition (irreg.): 18 1/4 x 25 5/8" (46.3 x 65.1 cm); sheet: 22 7/16 x 29 3/8" (57 x 74.6 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Fund
Untitled Print Acc. 650.1966	1966	Lithograph	composition: 19 13/16 x 29 5/8" (50.3 x 75.2cm); sheet: 22 1/4 x 29 7/8" (56.5 x 75.9cm)	Drawings & Prints	John B. Turner Fund
Untitled (Open Washes) Print Acc. 7.1986	1966	Lithograph	composition (irreg.): 20 7/16 × 28 5/8" (51.9 × 72.7 cm); sheet: 21 5/8 × 30" (55 × 76.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Associated American Artists
Haven Drawing Acc. 711.2005	1967	Ink on paper	15 3/4 × 19" (40 × 48.3 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
In-text plate (folio 66 recto) from In Memory of My Feelings Illustrated Book Acc. 92.1968.26	1967	One from an illustrated book with forty-six lithographs	composition (irreg.): 11 15/16 x 9" (30.4 x 22.9cm); page: 11 15/16 x 9" (30.4 x 22.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of The Museum of Modern Art Department of Publications
In-text plate (folio 68 recto) from In Memory of My Feelings Illustrated Book Acc. 92.1968.27	1967	One from an illustrated book with forty-six lithographs	composition (irreg.): 11 15/16 x 8 15/16" (30.4 x 22.7cm); page: 11 15/16 x 9" (30.4 x 22.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of The Museum of Modern Art Department of Publications
In-text plate (folio 70 recto) from In Memory of My Feelings Illustrated Book Acc. 92.1968.28	1967	One from an illustrated book with forty-six lithographs	composition (irreg.): 11 7/8 x 8 15/16" (30.2 x 22.7cm); page: 11 15/16 x 9" (30.4 x 22.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of The Museum of Modern Art Department of Publications
In-text plate (folio 73 verso) from In Memory of My Feelings Illustrated Book Acc. 92.1968.30	1967	One from an illustrated book with forty-six lithographs	composition (irreg.): 11 15/16 x 8 15/16" (30.4 x 22.7cm); page: 11 15/16 x 9" (30.4 x 22.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of The Museum of Modern Art Department of Publications
In-text plate (folios 71 verso and 72 recto) from In Memory of My Feelings Illustrated Book Acc. 92.1968.29	1967	One from an illustrated book with forty-six lithographs	composition (irreg.): 11 15/16 x 9 1/4" (30.4 x 23.5cm); page (two-page spread): 11 15/16 x 17 15/16" (30.4 x 45.6 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of The Museum of Modern Art Department of Publications
Plate (folio 76 recto) from In Memory of My Feelings Illustrated Book Acc. 92.1968.31	1967	One from an illustrated book with forty-six lithographs	composition (irreg.): 11 15/16 x 8 15/16" (30.4 x 22.7cm); page: 11 15/16 x 9" (30.4 x 22.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of The Museum of Modern Art Department of Publications
Preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.20	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 10 15/16" (35.6 × 27.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.21	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 11" (35.5 × 27.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.22	1967	Ink on acetate	13 15/16 × 10 9/16" (35.4 × 26.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.23	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 10 15/16" (35.6 × 27.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.24	1967	Ink on acetate	13 15/16 × 11" (35.4 × 27.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.25	1967	Ink on acetate	13 15/16 × 11" (35.4 × 28 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.29	1967	Ink on acetate	13 15/16 × 11" (35.4 × 27.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.30	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 10 15/16" (35.5 × 27.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.31	1967	Ink on acetate	13 7/8 × 11" (35.3 × 27.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.32	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 11" (35.5 × 28 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.33	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 11" (35.5 × 27.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.34	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 11" (35.5 × 27.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.35	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 11" (35.5 × 27.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.26	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 10 15/16" (35.6 × 27.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.27	1967	Ink on acetate	14 × 11" (35.5 × 27.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Unused preparatory drawing for In Memory of My Feelings Drawing Acc. 2202.1967.28	1967	Ink on acetate	13 15/16 × 10 15/16" (35.4 × 27.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of the artist
Book Drawing Acc. 712.2005	1968	Charcoal on paper	17 7/8 × 24" (45.4 × 61 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
City Drawing Acc. 713.2005	1968	Acrylic on board	20 × 30" (50.8 × 76.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Fix Drawing Acc. 714.2005	1968	Charcoal on paper	16 1/2 × 22 3/4" (41.9 × 57.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Head Painting Acc. 715.2005	1968	Oil on board	18 x 20" (45.7 x 50.8 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Untitled Drawing Acc. 1794.2005	1968	Charcoal on paper	18 × 24" (45.7 × 61 cm)	Drawings & Prints	The Judith Rothschild Foundation Contemporary Drawings Collection Gift
Untitled Drawing Acc. 1795.2005	1968	Charcoal on paper	18 × 23 5/8" (45.7 × 60 cm)	Drawings & Prints	The Judith Rothschild Foundation Contemporary Drawings Collection Gift
City Limits Painting Acc. 363.1991	1969	Oil on canvas	6' 5" x 8' 7 1/4" (195.6 x 262.2 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Musa Guston
Discussion I Drawing Acc. 716.2005	1969	Charcoal on paper	23 5/8 × 17" (60 × 43.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Edge of Town Painting Acc. 717.2005	1969	Oil on canvas	6' 5 1/8" x 9' 2 1/2" (195.6 x 280.7 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida
The Street from Ten Lithographs by Ten Artists Print Acc. 460.1988.5	1970, published 1971	One from a portfolio of ten lithographs	composition (irreg.): 19 7/8 x 26 5/16" (50.5 x 66.8 cm); sheet: 22 5/16 x 30 1/16" (56.7 x 76.3 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Given anonymously
Untitled (Rome) Drawing Acc. 202.1992	1971	Oil on paper	22 x 29 3/4" (55.8 x 75.5 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Bequest of Musa Guston
Untitled (Waiting) Drawing Acc. 2583.2001	1972	Oil on paper	30 1/4 × 40" (76.8 × 101.6 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa and Tom Mayer
Painter in Bed Painting Acc. 719.2005	1973	Oil on canvas	59 5/8" x 8' 8 1/4" (151.4 x 264.8 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Four Heads Drawing Acc. 720.2005	1974	Ink on paper	18 5/8 × 24" (47.3 × 61 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Lamp and Chair Drawing Acc. 721.2005	1974	Ink on paper	19 × 25 1/4" (48.3 × 64.1 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Deluge II Painting Acc. 722.2005	1975	Oil on canvas	6' 7 3/8" x 9' 3" (201.6 x 281.9 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida
In the Studio Painting Acc. 99.2002	1975	Oil on canvas	6' 10" x 6' 7" (208.3 x 200.7 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of UBS
Web Painting Acc. 723.2005	1975	Oil on canvas	67" x 8' 1 1/4" (170.2 x 247 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Cherries Painting Acc. 724.2005	1976	Oil on canvas	68 5/8 x 9' 8 5/8" (174.3 x 296.2 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida in honor of Glenn D. Lowry
Green Rug Painting Acc. 725.2005	1976	Oil on canvas	7' 10" x 68 1/2" (238.8 x 174 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida in honor of Ann Temkin
Source Painting Acc. 726.2005	1976	Oil on canvas	6' 3" x 9' 9" (190.5 x 297.2 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida in honor of Uncle Sidney Feldman
Head Painting Acc. 200.1992	1977	Oil on canvas	69 5/8" x 7' 1" (176.8 x 215.7 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Musa Guston Bequest
Box and Shadow Painting Acc. 362.1991	1978	Oil on canvas	69 1/8" x 8' 2 5/8" (175.6 x 250.5 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Musa Guston
Tomb Painting Acc. 60.1981	1978	Oil on canvas	6' 6 1/8" x 6' 1 3/4" (198.4 x 187.6 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Acquired through the A. Conger Goodyear and Elizabeth Bliss Parkinson Funds and gift of the artist
East Coker-Tse Painting Acc. 364.1991	1979	Oil on canvas	42 x 48" (106.7 x 122 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Musa Guston
Gulf Print Acc. 352.1987	1979, printed 1981, published 1983	Lithograph	composition (irreg.): 28 1/8 × 38 3/4" (71.5 × 98.5 cm); sheet: 31 7/8 × 42 7/16" (81 × 107.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Jeanne C. Thayer Fund
Moon Painting Acc. 504.1998	1979	Oil on canvas	69" x 6' 8 1/8" (175.3 x 203.5 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Philip Johnson
Painter Print Acc. 353.1987	1979, printed 1981, published 1983	Lithograph	composition (irreg.): 29 1/2 × 39 13/16" (75 × 101.2 cm); sheet: 31 7/8 × 42 1/2" (81 × 108 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Purchase
Sea Print Acc. 732.2005	1979–80, published 1980	Lithograph	composition (irreg.): 24 5/8 x 39 1/8" (62.5 x 99.4 cm); sheet (irreg.): 31 5/16 x 40 11/16" (79.5 x 103.3 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Talking Painting Acc. 727.2005	1979	Oil on canvas	68 1/8" x 6' 6 1/4" (173 x 198.8 cm)	Painting & Sculpture	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Untitled (Illustrated Letter) Drawing Acc. 78.2021	1979	Felt-tip pen, ballpoint pen, and self-adhesive label on paper	11 1/2 × 8 1/4" (29.2 × 21 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Gisele Galante Chulack
Agean Print Acc. 728.2005	1980	Lithograph	composition: 24 5/8 x 39 3/8" (62.5 x 100 cm); sheet: 31 15/16 x 42 1/2" (81.2 x 108 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Coat Print Acc. 155.1981	1980	Lithograph	composition: 23 3/4 x 37 5/8" (60.3 x 95.6 cm); sheet: 32 x 42 1/2" (81.3 x 108 cm)	Drawings & Prints	John B. Turner Fund
Curtain Print Acc. 729.2005	1980, published 1981	Lithograph	composition (irreg): 29 3/4 x 40 3/16" (75.5 x 102 cm); sheet: 31 1/8 x 40 3/4" (79 x 103.5 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Door Print Acc. 730.2005	1980, published 1981	Lithograph	Composition: 20 1/16 x 29 1/4" (51 x 74.3 cm); sheet: 22 1/8 x 29 3/4" (56.2 x 75.5 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
East Side Print Acc. 731.2005	1980	Lithograph	Composition (irreg.): 29 3/4 x 39 3/4" (75.5 x 101 cm); sheet: 32 3/4 x 42 1/2" (83.2 x 108 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Room Print Acc. 156.1981	1980	Lithograph	composition (irreg.): 28 7/8 × 39 7/8" (73.3 × 101.3 cm); sheet: 32 11/16 × 42 5/8" (83 × 108.3 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Straus
Shoes Print Acc. 733.2005	1980, published 1981	Lithograph	Composition (irreg.): 10 1/8 x 22 1/16" (25.7 x 56 cm); sheet: 19 1/2 x 29" (49.5 x 73.7 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Studio Corner Print Acc. 734.2005	1980, published 1981	Lithograph	Composition (irreg.): 29 x 39 3/8" (73.7 x 100 cm); sheet: 32 1/16 x 42 1/2" (81.4 x 107.9 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Summer Print Acc. 735.2005	1980	Lithograph	Composition (irreg.): 18 5/16 x 28 13/16" (46.5 x 73.2 cm); sheet (irreg.): 20 3/8 x 30 1/2" (51.7 x 77.5 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Untitled Drawing Acc. 1798.2005	1980	Pencil on paper	12 1/2 × 17 1/4" (31.8 × 43.8 cm)	Drawings & Prints	The Judith Rothschild Foundation Contemporary Drawings Collection Gift
Untitled Drawing Acc. 131.1984	1980	Ink on paper	18 7/8 x 26 3/8" (48 x 67.1 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Purchase
Untitled Drawing Acc. 318.1989	1980	Acrylic and ink on board	19 7/8 x 30" (50.5 x 76 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Untitled Drawing Acc. 319.1989	1980	Acrylic and ink on board	20 x 29 7/8" (50.8 x 76 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Untitled Drawing Acc. 320.1989	1980	Acrylic on paper on board	20 x 30" (50.9 x 76.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Untitled Drawing Acc. 321.1989	1980	Acrylic and ink on board	20 x 30" (50.9 x 76.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Untitled Drawing Acc. 322.1989	1980	Acrylic and ink on board	20 x 30" (50.8 x 76.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Untitled Drawing Acc. 620.1987	1980	Acrylic and ink on paper	23 x 29" (58.3 x 73.6 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Untitled Drawing Acc. 621.1987	1980	Acrylic and ink on paper	23 x 29" (58.4 x 73.6 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Untitled Drawing Acc. 622.1987	1980	Acrylic and ink on board	20 x 30" (50.7 x 76.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Untitled Drawing Acc. 623.1987	1980	Acrylic and ink on board	20 x 30" (50.8 x 76.2 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Untitled Drawing Acc. 624.1987	1980	Acrylic and ink on paper	20 x 30" (50.8 x 76.1 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Musa Guston
Wheel Drawing Acc. 736.2005	1980	Ink on paper	19 × 25 3/4" (48.3 × 65.4 cm)	Drawings & Prints	Gift of Edward R. Broida
Remains from Eight Lithographs to Benefit the Foundation for Contemporary Performance Arts, Inc. Print Acc. 421.1987.2	1981	One from a portfolio of eight lithographs	composition (irreg.): 19 5/8 x 29 13/16" (49.8 x 75.7 cm); sheet: 19 13/16 x 29 13/16" (50.3 x 75.7 cm)	Drawings & Prints	The Associates Fund

Frequently Asked Questions

How many works by Philip Guston are in MoMA?

MoMA's catalogue lists 100 works attributed to Philip Guston.

What medium did Philip Guston primarily work in?

Based on MoMA's holdings, Philip Guston's most represented medium is Drawing.

What nationality is Philip Guston?

Philip Guston is catalogued as American in MoMA's Artists index.

When were Philip Guston's works created?

Dated works in MoMA + Met for Philip Guston span 1940 to 1981.